Cellular Structure and Function at the Molecular Level. Simple Peptides at Water-Membrane Interfaces. Poly-L-leucine at interfaces. Ion transport. Directional Proton Transport. Transmembrane proteins. L_mS_n M_2 Glycophorin A (GpA) Self-Organization and Evolution of Protocells NASA Astrobiology Institute (NAI) module Non-genomic evolution. Bioinformatics and Functional Proteomics Origins of new biological functions Bionanotechnology. Bacteriorhodopsin Theory of the Hydrophobic Effect.